The simplest interpretation of receptor reserve is that it is a model that states there are excess receptors on the cell surface than what is necessary for full effect. More precisely, receptor reserve refers to a phenomenon whereby stimulation of only a fraction of the whole receptor population apparently elicits the maximal effect achievable in a particular tissue. the concentration producing 50% occupancy is typically higher than the concentration producing 50% of maximum response. This explains the so-called receptor reserve phenomenon i.e. The relationship between occupancy and pharmacological response is usually non-linear. The fraction of bound receptors is known as occupancy. This expression is one way to consider the effect of a drug, in which the response is related to the fraction of bound receptors (see: Hill equation). L + R ↽ − − ⇀ LR is the fraction of receptor bound by the ligand. One dominant example is drug-receptor interactions as modeled by Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose–response relationships, that is, the relationships between drug concentration and effect. Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and pharmacokinetics as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of PK/PD models).
Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. In particular, pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology, being itself a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions between both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms. The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics ( PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).
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